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Cytoskeletons provide the mechanical properties of a cell and support the cell body with intricate connections to the extra-cellular matrix through focal adhesion complexes on the cell membrane. Recent research in cell biology has established that these mechanical structures play important roles in healthy cell functions such as growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation and embryogenesis, as well as...

Profiling a biological sample is a powerful way to understand the physiological condition or the disease stage of a patient. However, biological samples are typically complex in terms of composition and molecular sequence. Optically-scanned biochips containing probe arrays have been shown to be useful tools for molecular profiling, such as in gene expression and SNP...

There are two different fabrication methods for building complex micro devices: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down approach, based on conventional photolithography, has given us amazing CMOS manufacturing capabilities but it's facing a fundamental limit in its downward scalability. Recently, various bottom-up manufacturing technologies have gained notice for their ability to overcome limits of top-down manufacturing. Breakthroughs will...

Photonic crystal structures are well known for their capacity to influence spontaneous emission, and it has been suggested that such structures could enhance efficiency and beam shaping of LEDs. To achieve such improvements, GaN PXLEDs have been made at Philips LumiLEDs in an effort to measure, understand and accurately predict their emission patterns. Successful application of such technology requires a method to fabricate photonic crystal structures...