An array of light-emitting devices with 49 different, individually addressable colors. (Image by Vivian Wang)
With limitless colors, the device may lead to advances in spectroscopy
May 10, 2023 by Marni Ellery
Multicolored light-emitting arrays could be useful in low-power sensing, computing and spectroscopy, but too often their spectral range is limited to a few colors due to material and device constraints. Now, Berkeley engineers have devised a way to produce an economical and compact light-emitting device with limitless colors that could greatly increase resolution in spectral imaging.
In a recent issue of Science Advances, a team of researchers led by Ali Javey, professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences, demonstrated the first light-emitting array with 49 different colors on a single chip. This novel optoelectronic device is built on metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and uses electroluminescent materials to generate light spanning the visible to the infrared wavelength range.
According to Vivian Wang, lead author and a Ph.D. student in electrical engineering and computer sciences, this work builds off the team’s accidental discovery many years ago: light can be generated from semiconducting materials by putting them on top of capacitors on silicon wafers, instead of using diodes.
“We wanted to know what else we could do with these light-emitting devices,” said Wang. “After putting different semiconducting materials on the devices, we found that we could get them to emit different ranges of light. This led us to build a big array of these devices, with all of these colors on one chip.”
Multicolored light-emitting device arrays based on diodes, like LEDs commonly used in computer and television displays, have a complex and costly fabrication process that limits them to a few colors. Another consideration is size. Some semiconducting materials cannot be grown on a single substrate, so devices fabricated on separate chips must be glued together, resulting in a larger package.
The researchers, however, wanted to easily and economically scale light-emitting arrays to tens or hundreds of colors while keeping the device size at a nanoscopic scale. They solved this problem by developing arrays based on electroluminescent, alternating current-driven MOS capacitors, instead of conventional diodes.
By using a capacitor for the electrical component, their new device allows for a simpler, more compact structure. “Unlike diodes, our device needs only one electrode, not two, to contact the material,” said Wang. “This makes the fabrication process really easy because you don’t have to put an electrode on top of the material; it just needs to fit on a bottom electrode.”
In addition, light can be generated from many different semiconducting materials without requiring adjustments to the device structure. “We don’t have to choose special kinds of electrodes for certain kinds of materials, like you do with a diode,” said Wang.
Fabrication is further simplified by an automated process called microprinting, which the researchers used to easily dispense different color emitters on a single chip. The emitters consist of molecular and quantum dot materials, which are semiconductor nanocrystals with tunable optical and electronic properties. Microprinting is fast and enables the array to scale to a vast spectral range.
The device’s ability to offer limitless color options makes it highly versatile and a good tool for spectral sensing, which has applications in the consumer, industrial and medical sectors.
“If your array has only five different colors, you can’t get very fine-grained spectral resolution,” said Wang. “But if you can scale to 50 different colors, as with our device, you can achieve much better spectral resolution.”
In the study, the researchers demonstrated ways their light-emitting device array could be used for more precise spectral measurement. In one example, they illuminated an object under a microscope and then took an image of the reflected light. Using this data, along with numerical optimization algorithms, they could reconstruct a spectral image of the sample at a high resolution.
According to Wang, the future looks bright for these optoelectronic devices.
“We think this highly multicolored light-emitting array might open up interesting applications we haven’t previously thought about,” she said. “Ultimately, it could be used to make different kinds of compact spectral sensors or little chips that could be used for spectral measurements in the future.”
Co-authors of this study are Shiekh Zia Uddin, a graduate research assistant, and Junho Park, an undergraduate researcher, both formerly in Javey’s lab. All authors are affiliated with the Materials Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.