CMOS image sensors have been widely used for decades, largely displacing CCDtechnology in cameras, scanners, telescopes, and a variety of medical sensors. Photodiodes are formed in the IC substrate and the technology has been repurposed to make more advanced structures with higher sensitivity, such as pinned or avalanche photodiodes. Less work has gone into generating optical elements using other features of the CMOS process, namely the metal interconnect. The precision deposition and spacing of the metal...